Braille and the Gutenberg press have a lot in common. Both replaced slow, cumbersome printing methods that already existed. Books made using this method were enormous and heavy, and the process was so time-consuming that l'Institution Royale des Jeunes Aveugles, or the Royal Institution for Blind Youth, had fewer than of them when Louis Braille was a student there.
Both Braille and the Gutenberg press also allowed more people to become literate, but the effect was gradual. The press made it much easier to print books, but books were still expensive and weren't necessarily in a language that local people spoke.
While Braille immediately became popular with students at the Royal Institution, its adoption elsewhere took years. Inventors developed competing codes, and governments and school systems had to decide which ones to use. Waite, became popular in the United States in the late s. The NLS started using the cassette format in the s and early s. These memory sticks will be large enough to hold Braille and large-print labeling.
Barbier had invented the code to allow soldiers to communicate with one another in the dark, but his idea hadn't caught on. It used dots to represent 36 phonetic sounds rather than the letters of the alphabet. Some of its characters were six dots tall. Louis Braille realized that the same basic idea could give blind people an efficient method for reading and writing.
Through trial and error, he figured out that a six-dot cell was small enough to fit under a fingertip but had enough possible dot combinations to represent a wide range of letters and symbols. He used this cell to create an alphabet using tactile dots and dashes.
The Braille cells used today are two dots wide and three dots tall, and they no longer use dashes. You can represent each dot's position within the cell with a number. Dots one, two and three are on the left side of the cell, and dots four, five and six are on the right side. A cell with one dot in position six indicates that the next cell represents a capital letter, and a cell marked with dots three through six signifies that the next cell represents a number.
The Braille characters for the numbers zero through nine are the same as for the letters "a" through "j. A typical line of Braille is about 40 characters long, and a typical page of Braille is about 25 lines long. In other words, Braille takes up significantly more room than standard-sized print. Braille pages are also thicker and heavier than ordinary paper, and they have to be bound in a loose format so that pages can lie flat and people can reach the cells near the book's binding.
This leads to relatively bulky books. Its longer predecessor, "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix," is fourteen volumes long. To conserve space and make the reading process a little faster, many people learn to read contracted Braille , previously known as Grade 2 Braille. Uncontracted Braille , or Grade 1 Braille, uses characters to represent single letters, numbers and symbols. Contracted Braille uses characters to represent letter combinations or whole words.
There are close to contractions in the American version of English Braille. These include commonly-used words like "and," "you" and "for" as well as letter combinations like "ing" and "ed.
There are opposing theories about whether it is better for a person to learn contracted or uncontracted Braille. Some educators argue that uncontracted Braille is an important foundation for learning contracted Braille. In addition, learning characters for individual letters and symbols may be easier for young children who are beginning to learn to read. Opponents argue that uncontracted Braille is more time- and space-consuming than contracted Braille and that teaching the contracted version first requires people to learn two codes.
There are two main theories about why this happens. One is that the brain begins using the visual cortex for other purposes after a person loses his sight. Braille words are spelled the same as written words, but because it takes up around three times as much space as print, short-form words have been developed. The short-form is known as contracted braille and was adapted from the uncontracted code Louis Braille invented. Uncontracted code is most easily described as the braille alphabet.
Every letter is represented, just as in print. I was one of those people — aware of the importance of braille for blind readers but without any real knowledge of how it works — until I spoke with Amber Pearcy, a proofreader at the National Braille Press in Boston. Overall, they work with businesses and individuals to create opportunities for the blind and visually impaired to participate in everyday life, from reading a restaurant menu to charging through the latest hit YA trilogy.
English grade 1 braille consists of the 26 standard letters of the alphabet as well as punctuation. First, a standard braille cell is large. That means that one page of print can easily turn into three pages of braille. Contractions help reduce the number of characters and thereby reduce the overall size of a document.
Second, reading and writing braille can be time-consuming. By implementing contractions, it takes less time to do both. Grade 2 braille is the most commonly used form of braille code and is found in books, public signage, and restaurant menus to name a few.
It consists of the 26 standard letters of the alphabet, punctuation, and contractions. Grade 3 is the last, and certainly least used , form of literary braille code used within the blind community. There is no official standardization for grade 3 braille and, therefore, official publications do not use it.
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