There are two main types of esophageal cancer: squamous cell cancer and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Squamous cell cancers occur most commonly in individuals who smoke cigarettes,use tobacco products and drink alcohol. In addition, African Americans are also at increased risk of developing this type of cancer. This cancer is also very common in many areas in Asia. The frequency of squamous cell cancer of the esophagus in the United States has remained the same.
Another cancer, adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, occurs most commonly in people with GERD. It is also very common in Caucasian males with increased body weight. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is increasing in frequency in the United States. The most common symptom of GERD is heartburn, a condition that 20 percent of American adults experience at least twice a week. Although these individuals are at increased risk of developing esophageal cancer, the vast majority of them will never develop it.
In a few patients with GERD about 10 to 15 percent of patients , a change in the lining of the esophagus develops near the area where the esophagus and stomach join. In an upper endoscopy, the physician passes a thin, flexible tube called an endoscope through your mouth and into the esophagus, stomach and duodenum.
The endoscope has a camera lens and a light source and projects images onto a video monitor. This allows the physician to see if there is a change in the lining of the esophagus. Capsule Endoscopy is another test that has been used to examine the esophagus. Your doctor will be checking to make sure that your esophagus looks pink and shiny. Your doctor may also take a tissue sample that will allow them to understand what changes are going on in your esophagus. Your doctor will examine the tissue sample for dysplasia, or the development of abnormal cells.
The tissue sample be ranked based on the following degrees of change:. Options may include:. If you have no or low-grade dysplasia, your doctor will likely recommend treatments that will help you manage your GERD symptoms.
You may also be a candidate for surgeries that can help you manage your GERD symptoms. There are two surgeries that are commonly performed on people with GERD, which include:. This surgery attempts to strengthen the lower esophageal sphincter LES by wrapping the top of your stomach around the outside of the LES. In this procedure, your doctor will insert the LINX device around lower esophagus.
The LINX device is made up of tiny metal beads that use magnetic attraction to keep the contents of your stomach from leaking into your esophagus. A doctor performs the Stretta procedure with an endoscope. Radio waves are used to cause changes in the muscles of the esophagus near where it joins the stomach. The technique strengthens the muscles and decreases reflux of the stomach contents. Your doctor may recommend more invasive procedures if you have high-grade dysplasia.
For example, removing damaged areas of the esophagus through the use of endoscopy. In some cases, entire portions of the esophagus are removed.
Other treatments include:. This procedure uses an endoscope with a special attachment that emits heat. The heat kills abnormal cells. In this procedure, an endoscope dispenses cold gas or liquid that freeze the abnormal cells. The cells are allowed to thaw, and then are frozen again. This process is repeated until the cells die. Your doctor will inject you with a light-sensitive chemical called porfimer Photofrin.
Esophageal cancer most often occurs in the cells that line the inside of the esophagus. People with Barrett's esophagus have an increased risk of esophageal cancer.
The risk is small, even in people who have precancerous changes in their esophagus cells. Fortunately, most people with Barrett's esophagus will never develop esophageal cancer.
Barrett's esophagus care at Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. This content does not have an English version. This content does not have an Arabic version. Overview Barrett's esophagus Open pop-up dialog box Close. Barrett's esophagus In Barrett's esophagus, normally flat, pink cells are replaced with a thick, red lining with potential for cancerous changes, thought to be triggered by long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD.
Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic. Esophageal cancer Open pop-up dialog box Close. Esophageal cancer Esophageal cancer most often occurs in the cells that line the inside of the esophagus.
Share on: Facebook Twitter. Show references Qumseya B, et al. ASGE guideline on screening and surveillance of Barrett's esophagus.
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