With an accout for my. Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel February 16, — August 9, , [1] also written von Haeckel , was an eminent German biologist , naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor and artist. Ernst Haeckel named thousands of new species see below , mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, and coined many terms in biology , including phylum , phylogeny , ecology and the kingdom Protista details below. Haeckel promoted Charles Darwin's work in Germany and developed the controversial " recapitulation theory " claiming that an individual organism's biological development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarizes its species' entire evolutionary development, or phylogeny : "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" see below.
The published artwork of Haeckel includes over detailed, multi-colour illustrations of animals and sea creatures see: Kunstformen der Natur , "Artforms of Nature".
Ernst Haeckel was born on February 16, , in Potsdam then part of Prussia. The occupation of physician appeared less worthwhile to Haeckel, after contact with suffering patients. Haeckel studied under Carl Gegenbaur at the University of Jena for three years, earning a doctorate in zoology, [3] before becoming a professor of comparative anatomy at the University of Jena, where he remained 47 years, from Between and , Haeckel worked on many invertebrate groups, including radiolarians , poriferans sponges and annelids segmented worms.
Their son Walter was born in , their daughters Elizabeth in and Emma in Haeckel's writings and lectures were later used to provide scientific justifications for racism, nationalism, and social Darwinism. Haeckel's statement that "politics is applied biology", has been quoted in support of various Nazi philosophies. The Nazi party used not only Haeckel's quotations, but also Haeckel's broader philosophy of "Monism," which they used as justification for racism, nationalism and social Darwinism.
Haeckel extrapolated a new religion or philosophy called "monism" from evolutionary science. In his monism, which postulates that all aspects of the world form an essential unity, all economics, politics, and ethics are reduced to "applied biology. He advocated the idea that primitive races were in their infancies and needed the supervision and protection of more mature societies. Haeckel was the first person known to coin the term First World War.
Shortly after the start of World War I, Haeckel wrote:. Indianapolis Star September 20, [6]. This is the first known instance of the term First World War , which had previously been recorded as for the earliest usage. Haeckel was a zoologist, an accomplished artist and illustrator, and later a professor of comparative anatomy. Although Haeckel's ideas are important to the history of evolutionary theory , and he was a competent invertebrate anatomist most famous for his work on radiolaria , many speculative concepts that he championed are now considered incorrect.
For example, Haeckel described and named hypothetical ancestral microorganisms that have never been found. He was one of the first to consider psychology as a branch of physiology. He also proposed many now ubiquitous terms including "phylum", "phylogeny", "ecology" "oekologie" , [5] and proposed the kingdom Protista [3] in His chief interests lay in evolution and life development processes in general, including development of nonrandom form, which culminated in the beautifully illustrated Kunstformen der Natur Art forms of nature.
Haeckel did not support natural selection , rather believing in a Lamarckian inheritance of acquired characteristics Lamarckism. Haeckel advanced the " recapitulation theory " which proposed a link between ontogeny development of form and phylogeny evolutionary descent , summed up in the phrase "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny".
His concept of recapitulation has been disputed in the form he gave it now called "strong recapitulation". Haeckel introduced the concept of " heterochrony ", which is the change in timing of embryonic development over the course of evolution. Haeckel was a flamboyant figure. He sometimes took great and non-scientific leaps from available evidence.
For example, at the time that Darwin first published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection , no remains of human ancestors had yet been found. Haeckel postulated that evidence of human evolution would be found in the Dutch East Indies now Indonesia , and described these theoretical remains in great detail. He even named the as-of-yet unfound species, Pithecanthropus alalus , and charged his students to go find it.
Richard and Oskar Hertwig were two of Haeckel's many important students. One student did find the remains: a young Dutchman named Eugene Dubois went to the East Indies and dug up the remains of Java Man, the first human ancestral remains ever found.
These remains originally carried Haeckel's Pithecanthropus label, though they were later reclassified as Homo erectus. It has been claimed Richardson , Richardson and Keuck that some of Haeckel's embryo drawings of were fabricated. It was later said that "there is evidence of sleight of hand" on both sides of the feud between Haeckel and Wilhelm His, Sr.. Some creationists have claimed that Darwin relied on Haeckel's embryo drawings as proof of evolution [12] [13] [14] to support their argument that Darwin's theory is therefore illegitimate and possibly fraudulent.
This claim ignores the fact that the Darwin published the "Origin of the Species" in , and "The Descent of Man" in , whereas Haeckel's famous embryo drawings did not appear until 8 species.
What difficulties this task encounters, and how easily the draughts- man may blunder in it, the embryologist alone can judge. Haeckel's literary output was extensive, working as a professor at the University of Jena for 47 years, and even at the time of the celebration of his sixtieth birthday at Jena in , Haeckel had produced 42 works with nearly 13, pages, besides numerous scientific memoirs and illustrations. Haeckel's monographs include: Radiolaria , Siphonophora , Monera and Calcareous Sponges , as well as several Challenger reports: Deep-Sea Medusae , Siphonophora , Deep-Sea Keratosa , and another Radiolaria , the last being illustrated with plates and enumerating over four thousand new species.
Category : Evolutionary biologists. Read what you need to know about our industry portal bionity. The president of the society, botanist Dukinfield H.
Scott — , read the following Laudatio dedicated to Ernst Haeckel Fig. Haeckel, a personal friend of Mr. His advocacy of the doctrine of Evolution in his Monograph of the Radiolaria , first brought it before the attention of German men of Science; his enthusiastic and gallant advocacy ever since has chiefly contributed to its success in that country. Adapted from Scott Portraits of Charles Darwin — and Ernst Haeckel, combined with a copy of the first paragraphs taken from the Laudatio , which was read by the President of the Linnean Society of London on 1 July Darwin, in , wrote to Prof.
A brilliant writer and investigator, author of a number of classical Zoological Monographs, Prof. The stimulating vigour of his style roused a keen and general interest in evolution in the early days of Darwinism. His phylogenetic pedigrees have played a useful and important part as aids to the imagination and as familiarizing the mind with the idea of descent, at a time when the evolutionary conception was still obscure.
They are intended rather as artistic endeavours to picture what happened in the past than as dogmatic statements of historical sequences. Haeckel, so distinguished in the laboratory, has, like Darwin, Wallace, and Hooker, a strongly developed naturalist side, shown by his scientific travels, in the Canaries, Ceylon, and elsewhere. He, too, is a thorough Darwinian, who has remained loyal to the principle of natural selection. Photo: P. Bock; adapted from Scott Cover image of the book on the Darwin—Wallace celebration, showing both sides of the Darwin—Wallace Medal, reproduced from the original monograph.
Most importantly, it appears that Darwin also had a great deal of respect for Haeckel as Darwin and Haeckel exchanged more than letters, over a period of about 20 years, and Haeckel visited Darwin three times at his Down House , , Moreover, this Laudatio clearly documents that Haeckel ranks among the most important evolutionary biologists and philosophers of the natural sciences in the nineteenth and in the beginning of twentieth century.
As summarized above, Ernst Haeckel was a key figure in the history of biology. However, he was not only a creative naturalist and artist, but also a popularizer of science and fighter against dogmatic religious views Christianity, Judaism, Muslimism Haeckel Our Haeckel Issue is divided into four parts:. Science education. Watts et al. Hossfeld et al. Haeckel-reception in Russia. In an accompanying article, E. Kolchinsky and G. A third paper in this section by A. In the first study of this section, G.
He argues that the cause was not based on scientific issues, but rather due to political and nationalistic influences, such as Marxism and the emergence of Nazi ideology.
Olsson and U. In a last contribution to this section, U. Kutschera and T. The influence of Haeckel on disciplines outside the biological sciences. In this last series of papers, A. Jungck et al. Finally, I. Stewart et al.
Aveling E Die Darwinsche theorie. Verlag von J. Dietz, Stuttgart. Google Scholar. Darwin C On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or, the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life, 2nd edn. John Murray, London. Eine Monographie. Theil 1: Mit einem Atlas von 35 Kupfertafeln, Theil 2: Grundriss einer allgemeinen Naturgeschichte der Radiolarien. Mit 64 Tafeln, Mit 42 Tafeln, Verlag Georg Reimer, Berlin.
Haeckel E Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Band 1. Allgemeine Anatomie der Organismen, Band 2. Allgemeine Entwickelungsgeschichte der Organismen. Verlag Georg Reimer, Berlin Auflage Haeckel E Anthropogenie oder Entwickelungsgeschichte des Menschen.
Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 6. Haeckel E Das Protistenreich. Mit einem wissenschaftlichen Anhange: System der Protisten. System der Craspedoten, 2. System der Acraspeden. Verlag Gustav Fischer, Jena. Haeckel E Indische Reisebriefe.
Gebrueder Paetel, Berlin 4. Teil: Systematische Phylogenie der Protisten und Pflanzen, Teil: Systematische Phylogenie der wirbellosen Thiere Invertebrata , Teil: Systematische Phylogenie der Wirbelthiere Vertebrata , Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig und Wien. Haeckel E Aus Insulinde.
Malayische Reisebriefe. Emil Strauss, Bonn 3. Auflage Leipzig Emil Strauss, Bonn.
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